|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Ambrosia
|
Wahl et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Cecropia, charcoal
|
Aragon-Moreno et al. 2012
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Peru
|
Zea mays, Chen/Ams
|
Chepstow-Lusty et al. 2003
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Cucurbitaceae
|
Torrescano-Valle & Islebe 2015
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural expansion
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Heliconia
|
Neff et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Coastal human presence
|
Colombia
|
Zea mays, Cocos nucifera
|
Gonzalez et al. 2010
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural/Disturbance group
|
Guatemala & Mexico
|
Amaryllidaceae, Asteraceae, Cassia, Cecropia, Celtis, Poaceae, Vitex
|
Correa-Metrio et al. 2011
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural/Disturbance group
|
Guatemala
|
Asteraceae, Mimosa, Cheno/Ams
|
Wahl et al. 2007
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Agriculture and Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Convolvulaceae
|
Aragon-Moreno et al. 2018
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Amazonian disturbance
|
Ecuador lowlands
|
Celtis, Trema, Iriartea
|
Colinvaux et al. 1988
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Amazonian disturbance
|
Ecuador lowlands
|
Trema, Tubuliflorae, Chen/Ams, Labiatae, Plantago, Caryophyllaceae
|
Bush & Colinvaux 1988
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
Eastern Amazonia
|
Ipomoea, Manihot, Cucurbita
|
Maezumi et al. 2018a,b
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
SW-Colombia
|
Ipomoea, Manihot, Spermacoce, Zea mays
|
Wille et al. 2000
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
N-Colombia
|
Phaseolus, Zea mays, Cyathula
|
Velasquez & Monsalve 2009
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
N-Colombia
|
Zea mays, Cucurbitaceae, Smilax, Amaranthus
|
Velasquez & Monsalve 2009
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Crop cultivation
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Amaranthus, Capsicum, Chenopodium
|
Berrio et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Cultivating homegardens
|
Marie-Galante
|
Palms, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Cecropia, Coccoloba, Acrocomia
|
Casile 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Disturbance group
|
Honduras
|
Cheno/Ams, Ambrosia, Compositae, Zea, Gramineae
|
Rue 1987
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Disturbed vegetation
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Mimosa, Asteraceae
|
Islebe et al. 2001
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Marie-Galante
|
Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Cecropia, charcoal, Poaceae, Moraceae,
Sapotaceae
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Grenada
|
Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Cecropia, Moraceae, charcoal, Poaceae,
Solanaceae, Anacardiaceae, Araceae, Bursera, Coccoloba, Moraceae,
Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Marantaceae, Sapotaceae, Spondias sp.
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Grenada
|
Cecropia, Moraceae, charcoal, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Spondias,
Coccoloba, Marantaceae, Sapotaceae
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Martinique
|
Cladium, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Moraceae, charcoal, Poaceae,
Moraceae, Sapotaceae, Spondias
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Trinidad
|
Poaceae, Cecropia, Moraceae, charcoal, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae,
Spondias, Coccoloba, Marantaceae, Sapotaceae
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Poaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Borreria, Zea, Malvaceae
|
Aragon-Moreno et al. 2018
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Cheno/Ams
|
Lozano-Garcia et al. 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human disturbance indicator taxa
|
Costa Rica highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Thalictrum
|
Islebe et al. 1996
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Human disturbance indicator taxa
|
Eastern Cordillera
|
Cheno/Ams, Borreria, Dodonaea, Zea mays
|
Gomez et al. 2007
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Plantago, Rumex
|
Almeida-Lenero et al. 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Dodonaea, Pinus, Rumex, Solanaceae, Zea mays
|
Moscol-Olivera et al. 2009
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Dodonaea, Rumex, Cheno/Ams
|
Moscol-Olivera & Hooghiemstra 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Colombia
|
Ipomoea-type, Manihot, Phaseolus-type, Zea mays, Cyperaceae
|
Wille et al. 2001
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Ambrosia, Trema, Cecropia, Melastomataceae
|
Leyden 1987
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Indicators of human disturbance
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Rumex, Cereals
|
Bakker et al. 2008
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Indicators of human disturbance
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Eucalyptus, Pinus, Rumex, Spermacoce
|
Wille et al. 2002
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Introduction Agriculture
|
Mexico
|
Zea, Ambrosia
|
Byrne & Horn 1989
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Maize agriculture
|
El Salvador
|
Zea mays, Ambrosia
|
Dull 2004a
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Maize agriculture
|
El Salvador
|
Zea mays, Cheno/Ams, Iresine/Alternanthera, Polygonum
|
Dull 2004a
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Maize agriculture
|
Costa Rica
|
Zea mays, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae
|
Johanson et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Mangrove disturbance
|
Colombian coast
|
Acrostichum, Polypodium, Thelypteris, Laguncularia
|
Gonzalez et al. 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Secundary forest taxa
|
Panama
|
Pilea, Trema, Urticacea, Moraceae, Cecropia
|
Piperno et al. 1991
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single cultigen indicator
|
Amazonia
|
Zea mays
|
Maezumi et al. 2018a,b
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single cultigen indicator
|
Latin America
|
Zea mays
|
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Bolivia
|
Avena
|
Brugger et al. 2016
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Bolivia
|
Avena
|
Brugger et al. 2016
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Brazil
|
Casuarina
|
Barreto et al. 2015; Haas et al. 2013
|
NO
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Brazil
|
Casuarina
|
Barreto et al. 2015; Haas et al. 2013
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Eucalyptus
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Eucalyptus
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Pinus
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Pinus
|
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex acetosella
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex acetosella
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes
|
Triticum
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes
|
Triticum
|
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Introduced European weeds
|
Argentina
|
Rumex, Erodium, Carduus-type
|
Irurzun et al. 2014
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Exotic arboreal vegetation
|
Argentina
|
Eucalyptus, Pinus
|
Irurzun et al. 2014
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human influence
|
Argentina
|
Pinus, Myrtaceae, Brassicaceae, Tamaricaceae
|
Quattrocchio et al. 2008
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Central-America
|
Alnus
|
Lim et al. 2013; Gutierrez-Ayala et al. 2012
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Amazonian disturbance
|
Ecuador lowlands
|
Charcoal, high abundances of Poaceae (15-20% of non-Cecropia pollen),
Cecropia (40-90%),, Zea mays
|
Bush & Colinvaux 1988
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural and deforestated land
|
Peru
|
High % Cheno/Ams, Ambrosia, Gramineae
|
Chepstow-Lusty & Jonsson 2000
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural expansion
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, increases in Asteraceae
|
Veléz et al. 2011
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural expansion
|
Guatemala
|
Declining Moraceae, Urticaceae, increasing grasses, Poaceae,
Tubuliflorae, Byrsonima
|
Johnston et al. 2001
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural interval
|
Panama
|
High % Pilea, Trema, Cecropia, Gramineae, Melastomataceae
|
Bush & Colinvaux 1994
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural occupation
|
Costa Rica
|
Zea mays, charcoal, ecological disturbance indicators, changes in
sediment mass accumulation rates, Anthoceros spores
|
Anchukaitis & Horn 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest deforestation
|
Colombia highlands
|
Mutual loss of Quercus, Podocarpus, Weinmannia
|
Velasquez & Hooghiemstra 2013; González-Carranza et al. 2012; Muñoz
et al. 2017
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest depletion
|
Bogota Basin
|
Decrease Quercus, Alnus, Myrica
|
Van der Hammen & Gonzalez 1965
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest destruction
|
Cordillera Oriental
|
Rise Dodonaea, Rumex
|
Bosman et al 1994
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest destruction
|
Cordillera Oriental
|
Rise Dodonaea, Increase Gramineae, decline forest elements
|
Van Geel & Vd Hammen 1973
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Canopy opening
|
Costa Rica
|
Peaks in Chamaesyce (herb), increased % Asteraceae
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Combined cultigen and disturbance
|
SW-Colombia (dry)
|
Zea mays, Spermacoce (disturbance)
|
Velez et al. 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Combined proxy
|
Costa rica
|
fern spores, Gramineae increase, charcoal, Zea mays
|
Northop & Horn 1996
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Cultivation
|
Mexico
|
Increases, co-occurrence Zea, Gramineae, high-spine compositae
|
Conserva & Byrne 2002
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Cultivation
|
Mexico
|
Peaks of Zea with decreases of Alnus
|
Conserva & Byrne 2002
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Deforestation
|
Mexico
|
Decrease Pinus, Alnus, Quercus
|
Berrio et al. 2006
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Disturbance group
|
Guatemala
|
Increases of Trema, Myrtaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Solanaceae, Ericaceae,
Polygalaceae
|
Vaughan et al. 1985
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Domesticated fungi
|
Mexico
|
Presence of dung fungi Podospora-type, Cercophora-type,
Sporormiella-type.
|
Berrio et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Edible plant classification
|
Eastern Amazonia
|
The relative Increased richness, the relative abundance of edible
plants. Lists in SM.
|
Maezumi et al. 2018a,b
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest clearance for agriculture, hydrarch succession, or both
|
Costa Rica
|
anthocerotophyta spores, Poaceae, Cyperacea, charcoal
|
Anchukaitis & Horn 2005
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest clearing
|
Costa Rica
|
inverse relationship between the Pentaclethra, premontane/montane pollen
curves may indicate clearing of local populations by people, which could
have reduced the influx of Pentaclethra pollen while increasing the
influx of premontane/montane pollen from distant forests
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest disturbance and /or plot abandonment
|
Costa Rica
|
High percentages Cecropia
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest recovery
|
Costa Rica
|
Peaks in diporate, triporate Urticales pollen
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Ground disturbance associated with plant domestication
|
Peru
|
Increase of Cheno/Ams, Ambrosia with presence of Alternanthera, Zea mays
|
Hansen et al. 1994; Chepstow et al. 1998
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
High human disturbance
|
Costa Rica
|
High Poaceae, Cheno/Ams, Asteraceae, fern percentages
|
Clement & Horn 2001 (see several references); Kennedy & Horn,
2008
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
High Cheno-Ams, reduction Pinus
|
Lozano-Garcia et al. 1997
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Increases, co-occurrence Zea, Gramineae, high-spine compositae, Ambrosia
|
Goman & Byrne 1998
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Increases Poaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Ambrosia, presence Zea
mays
|
Lozano-Gracia et al. 2021
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Human disturbance
|
Panama
|
High Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae
|
Piperno & Jones 2003
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Human disturbance
|
Panama
|
Increases Cecropia, Heliconia, Byrsonima, Trema, Acalypha, Gramineae
(and charcoal)
|
Piperno et al. 1990
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human impact
|
Dominican Republic
|
Amaranthaceae decrease, Pinus increase
|
Caffrey et al. 2011
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Presence, Trema, Celtis with charcoal
|
Villota et al. 2017
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Human occupation
|
Mexico
|
High Ambrosia, Asteraceae
|
Correa-Metrio et al. 2011
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human occupation
|
Peru
|
Increase grasses, Cheno/Ams, charcoal, loss of arboreal species, rising
lake levels
|
Valencia et al. 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Intense deforestation
|
Mexico
|
Presence of Zea mays, high values (40-60%) of disturbance indicators
(Asteraceae, Ambrosia, Cheno/Am, Iresine, Poaceae, Paspalum, Piper,
Pilea, Hyptis),, low forest taxa
|
Caballero et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Intensification of land clearance
|
Peru
|
Increase of Ambrosia, Chen-Ams with parallel decrease of Alnus,
Hedyosmum, Podocarpus
|
Weng et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Introduction Agriculture
|
Mexico
|
Rise Cheno/Ams, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Zea (,reduction alder)
|
Brown 1984
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Livestock expansion
|
Mexico
|
Increases Prosopis velutina with grasses
|
Ortega-Rosas et al. 2016
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Mangrove disturbance
|
Colombian coast
|
Laguncularia, Acrostichum (fern)
|
Urrego et al. 2010
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Mangrove disturbance
|
Colombian coast
|
Expansion Laguncularia racemosa, Avicenna germinans, decrease Rhizophora
mangle
|
Urrego et al. 2018
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Mixed disturbance
|
Costa Rica
|
Abrupt changes in dominance of Poaceae, Asteraceae, Mimosoid Fabaceae,
charcoal (macro+micro)
|
Anchukaitis & Horn 2005
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Onset of maize cultivatation
|
Peru
|
Charcoal peak, Poaceae increase, forest decline, Zea appearance
|
Bush et al. 2015
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Prehispanic land use practices
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Asteraceae, Poaceae, low forest %
|
Wahl et al. 2014
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Human presence
|
Patagonia
|
Fluctuations between forest and disturbance indicators and increased
fire
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American forest clearance in last c. 150 yr
|
Patagonia
|
Decrease of Nothofagus abundance and increase of disturbance and
introduced taxa (e.g. Rumex acetosella and Plantago spp.)
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Pre-European burning
|
Patagonia
|
High but variable Notofagus abundance and fire activity
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
Increased fire activity and decreased Pilgerodendron
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
Loss of forest
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
High values of Apiaceae and Poaceae, and high fire activity
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
Increase of disturbance indicators with decrease of Nothofagus
dombeyi-type pollen
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comments to the preliminary results
PENDING TASKS:
Some results do not make sense:
- We get negative variations, what do we do with this? One extreme outlier in North America also indicated that the individual percentage explained for humans was 2000 (therefore I did not use the individual percentage to report the results for the predictors)
- Since we aggregate and summaries the results per ecozone, how to recalculate this into percentages contribution for the humans? Can we use sum(unique/total explained)/number of datasets per ecozone as the total constraining variation vary per dataset. Other suggestions?
Remember the unique variation is when time and climate is removed and individual variation per predictor is the same as a single model with the one predictor.
I hope this report helps everyone to get the overview of the work behind HOPE Hypothesis 1. I am very unhappy about the presented figures at this stage so all thoughts, ideas, and (critical) comments about the methodology and display of (what is important) results are most welcome.